Makalah Prose And Poetry
PROSE AND POETRY(Gender Studies)
“Gender Studies”
1. Definition of Gender
Gender is the apparent differences between woman and man in terms of values and behaviors.[1] In gender studies the term gender refers to proposed social and cultural constructions of masculinities and femininities. In this context, gender explicitly excludes reference to biological differences, to focus on cultural differences.[2]
Based on the above opinion can be concluded that gender is a trait as a basis for identifying the differences between man and woman in terms of social and cultural conditions, values and behavior, mentality, and the emotions and unbiology factors.
Talking about gender, there are some part of this are : about feminism, LGBT, and sexuality.
2. Definition of Feminist Criticism
Feminist literary criticism is an appropriate approach used to reveal many subordination and oppression of women. In this context, feminist theory is expected to reveal the veil that covers the certain message inside the literary works and reclaim the opinions in literature externally.[3]
In general, feminism is a movement that aims to achieve a balance degree and the treatment of women with men. This applies balance or equality in all aspects of political, social, and education. Feminism as a movement first appeared in Europe and the US in the 18th century. At that time women were banned from the election, higher education, and the plunge in the certain professions .
Issues that was carried by the feminist movement of Europe and the US, among others, is the fulfillment of the right to work outside the home, education, equality obligations in educating children, the use of contraceptives and abortion. In addition, the movement demanded equality in wages to men, to women's representation in politics. Feminist literary theory is a theory that connects the women's movement in literature. Feminist literary theory have much to contribute the development of cultural studies.
Feminism is focusing on the importance of awareness of equality between women and men in all areas. Feminism tried to deconstruct the system who were suspected of causing the group to dominate and be dominated, system of hegemony and the birth of subordinate groups. In short, feminism reject injustice patriarchal society, rejecting history and philosophy as a discipline centered on male.[4]
Feminist literary criticism today is a direct result of the "women's movement" in the 1960s. Of aspects that are important, it is literary movement since the beginning, in the sense that he is aware of the significance of the "Image of Women" were distributed by literature, and considers that it is important to fight it and to question authority and coherence.[5]
Based on the above opinion can be concluded that feminism is a movement fully equal rights between women and men in all areas and activities aimed at defending the rights of women.
3. Woman Representation
According to Wellek and Warren (1995: 238) states that the imagery is visual, a process sensing or perception, but also "represent" or refers to something invisible, something inside. According Sumardjo and Saini (1986: 10) the imagery is the image of ideas, fictional feelings that arise in a person's consciousness.
Based on the above opinion can be concluded that the image is the image or reflection on a matter or object obtained from the sensing or a person's consciousness is both visual and nonvisual nature. Thus it can be stated also that the image is closely related to mental processes and physical processes in humans as giving the meaning of the image.
The image of women is a form of mental pictures of spiritual and everyday behavior expressed by women in its various aspects, namely physical and psychological aspects of self image of women as well as aspects of the family and society as a social image (Sugihastuti, 2000: 7).
Woman representation can be classified based on the physical, psychological, and social.[6]
a) Woman Representation of the Physical Aspects
The image of women in terms of the physical, the picture of the woman who visits based on the physical characteristics or external, such as age, sex, state of the body and face characteristics. For example, in The awakening and selected stories by Kate Chopin woman representation of the physical aspects are a pretty woman that eyebrows were a shade darker than hair. Find in the novel :
“She was a fresh, pretty woman, clad always in white with elbow sleeves. Her starched skirts crinkled as she came and went.”[7]
“Her eyebrows were a shade darker than her hair. They were thick and almost horizontal, emphasizing the depth of her eyes.”[8]
b) Woman Representation of the Psychologicals
Woman representation in terms of psychological or psychiatric, namely a picture of women in terms of psychological, such as mentality, sopan santun standards, can distinguish between good and bad, and between right and wrong, temperament, desires and personal feelings, attitudes and behavior, and IQ (intelligence Quantent) or level of intelligence.
For example, in the awakening and selected stories by Kate Chopin novel representation of women of the psychological are a woman who is busy with his business so did not have time to rest remedy, and therefore she was depressed by the reality of his life.
“Edna began to feel like one who awakens gradually out of a dream, a delicious, grotesque, impossible dream, to feel again the realities pressing into her soul. The physical need for sleep began to overtake her; the exuberance which had sustained and exalted her spirit left her helpless and yielding to the conditions which crowded her in.” [9]
c) Woman Representation of the Social Aspects
Woman representation in terms of social, that picture of the woman is seen by the sociological characteristics, namely employment, position, role in society, level of education, philosophy of life, religion, beliefs, ideology, nationality, ethnicity and personal life.
For example, in the awakening and selected stories by Kate Chopin woman representation of the social aspects are Mrs. Pontellier does not devote all her energy to her husband and her children, and in Mr. Pontellier's eyes, this makes her an imperfect wife and mother. Their children are able to take care of themselves on a minute-by-minute basis, which indicates to him that she is occupying herself with other concerns and that constant child surveillance is not a wholly fulfilling occupation for her. In other words, Mrs. Pontellier wants more than to be a mother.
“He reproached his wife with her inattention, her habitual neglect of the children. If it was not a mother's place to look after children, whose on earth was it? He himself had his hands full with his brokerage business.”[10]
REFERENCES
Barry, petter, 2010. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory (Yogyakarta: Jalasutra)
Booker M. Keith: A practical introduction to literary theory and criticism. University of arkansas. 1996
Iser, Wolfgang. The Implied Reader: Patterns of Communication in Prose.Fiction from Bunyan to Beckett. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
Jauss, Hans Robert. Aesthetic Experience and Literary Hermeneutics. Translated by Michael Shaw. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982.
Ruthven, K.K, 1984. Feminist Literary Studies: An Introduction (Cambridge University Press)
Satoto, Soediro, 1994. Metode Penilitian Sastra II. (Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret Press)
Tranton, Teguh, 2009. Jurnal Pemikiran Alternative Kependidikan: Pendidikan Gender Berbasis Sastra. (Purwokerto: Insania)
Victoria Neufeldt (ed.), 1984: 561 in modul sosiologi komunikasi by dra. Siti komsiah, M.Si was accessed on April 20 2016, at 19.20 Pm
[1] Victoria Neufeldt (ed.), 1984: 561 in modul sosiologi komunikasi by dra. Siti komsiah, M.Si was accessed on April 20 2016, at 19.20 Pm
[3]Ruthven, K.K, 1984. Feminist Literary Studies: An Introduction (Cambridge University Press)
[4] Tranton, Teguh, 2009. Jurnal Pemikiran Alternative Kependidikan: Pendidikan Gender Berbasis Sastra. (Purwokerto: Insania)
[5] Barry, petter, 2010. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory (Yogyakarta: Jalasutra)
[6] Satoto, Soediro, 1994. Metode Penilitian Sastra II. (Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret Press)